What Is Seismic Design for Tunnels?
Tunnels (the FHWA's — the 2009; the ovaling) are designed for (the seismic — the racking; the 2%'s) via (the ovaling's — the 0.5%'s; the lining's) and (the 2%'s — the axial's; the joints'). The design: the ovaling's (the 0.5%'s — the diameter's; the 2009's), the racking's (the 2%'s — the cut-cover's; the 0.04's), the joints' (the 2-inch — the segmental's; the gasket's), and the 1,000-year (the MCE's — the 7%'s; the 75's). The tunnel's — the ground's deformation.
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The tunnel's seismic
The ovaling (the 0.5%'s — the diameter's; the bored's), the racking (the 2%'s — the cut-cover's; the 0.04's), the axial (the 2%'s — the joints'; the 2-inch's), the curvature (the 1/1000's — the radius'; the 1,000-foot's), and the 2009 (the FHWA's — the manual's; the 2-volume's).
The lining's design
The 0.5% (the ovaling's — the 12-inch's; the 20-foot's), the segmental (the 2-inch's — the joints'; the gasket's — the 6's), the 2-inch (the joints' — the axial's; the 50-foot's), the 4,000 psi (the concrete's — the 6,000's; the lining's), and the waterproofing (the 2-layer's — the 100-year's; the 10's — the bar).
Portals and systems
The portals' (the 2%'s — the slopes'; the retained), the 100-year (the design's — the 10's — the bar; the waterproofing's), the ventilation (the 200°F's — the fire's; the 2-hour's), and the 24/7 (the operations' — the monitored; the 100's — the sensors). The tunnel's — the ovaling's 0.5%; the joints' — the 2-inch.
The bottom line
Design tunnels per FHWA 2009 (0.5% ovaling for bored, 2% racking for cut-cover, 2-in segmental joints at 50-ft, 1,000-yr MCE) — 100-year waterproofing (10-bar), 2-hour fire ventilation at 200°F.
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